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IPMA ITALY Journal of Applied Project Management
                                                       Volume 1 no. 3 (October 2015)

accurately is the premise of managing    defines project management as “the

projects effectively. Based on own       planning, delegating, monitoring and

perceptions of project characteristics,  control of all aspects of the project,

some research institutes and             and the motivation of those involved,

researchers     propose  different       to achieve the project objectives

understandings  about    the             within the expected performance

connotations of project and project      targets for time, cost, quality, scope,

governance.                              benefits and risks.”(OGC,2009) IPMA

PMI (Project Management                  (International Project Management

Institute) defines project as “a         Association) defines project as

temporary endeavor designed to           “unique, temporary, multidisciplinary

produce a unique product, service”.      and organized endeavor to realize

And it defines project management as     agreed deliverable within pre-defined

“the discipline of carefully projecting  requirements and constraints”. And it

or planning, organizing, motivating      defines project management as “a

and controlling resources to achieve     tool of managing and controlling the

specific goals and meet specific         work of allocating temporary

success criteria” (Muller, 2011). PMI    resources and gaining the beneficial

focuses on the uniqueness and            changes” (Turner, 2006). These two

provisional of project tasks to define   kinds of definitions reflect that the

the project, which indicates the         importance of project management

differences between project and on-      lies in managing a temporary

going operation while does not           organization and conducting project

reflects the particularity of project    management should be based on

management. Correspondingly, PMI         process. Temporary organization

pays close attention to the application  consists of temporary stakeholders,

of knowledge, skills, tools and          thus it is necessary to manage the

techniques. Though it proposes that      stakeholders when conducting project
                                         management. To some extent, these
project management should “meet

the requirements of project”. However,   definitions reflect the particularity of

these requirements mainly mean the       project management. However, these

traditional success criteria on time,    definitions   indicate    manage

cost and quality, which do not involve   stakeholders when conducting project

in the behavior and expectations of      management but neglect stressing

stakeholders. Thus its definition of     meeting the stakeholders’

project does not reflect the             requirements  since       project

particularity of project management.     stakeholders have their own aims to

OGC (Office of Government                participate projects.

Commerce) issues a set of project        With the ceaseless changing

criteria, which is PRINCE2 (Projects IN  environment, it is difficult for enterprises

Controlled Environments, version 2).     to merely rely on their own resources

PRINCE2 defines a project as "a          to satisfy the project unique

temporary organization that is created   requirements. Therefore, it has been a

for the purpose of delivering one or     common        phenomenon  that

more business products according to      enterprises cooperate with external

an agreed Business Case". And it         partners to complete projects. And this

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